Building a gRPC Web service

This document will show you how to build a browser/server application with Vert.x and gRPC Web.

What you will build

The application involves a client, the browser, and a Vert.x server:

the user types a name in a text field and clicks the send button
the browser sends the name to the server using the gRPC Web protocol
the server replies with a greeting
the browser displays the greeting

On the server side, you will create a Vert.x gRPC server service that:

implements a gRPC server stub
configures an HTTP server replying to both gRPC Web and static file requests

On the client side, you will create a web page that uses the gRPC Web Javascript client.

What you need

A text editor or an IDE
Java 17 or higher

You don’t have to install protoc or the protoc plugins like vertx-grpc-protoc-plugin2, protobuf-javascript and protoc-gen-grpc-web as they will be managed by a Maven plugin.

Create the project

gRPC service definition

The gRPC Greeter service consists in a single SayHello rpc method. The HelloRequest message contains the name sent by the client. The HelloReply message contains the greeting generated by the server.

service.proto file

syntax = "proto3";

option java_multiple_files = true;
option java_package = "io.vertx.howtos.grpcweb";
option java_outer_classname = "HelloWorldProto";

package helloworld;

// The greeting service definition.
service Greeter {
  // Ask for a greeting
  rpc SayHello (HelloRequest) returns (HelloReply) {}
}

// The request message containing the user's name.
message HelloRequest {
  string name = 1;
}

// The response message containing the greeting
message HelloReply {
  string message = 1;
}

Code generation

From the service definition, several files must be generated:

Java message and server classes
Javascript files
gRPC Web specific (Javascript) files.

The protoc invocation is managed with the protobuf-maven-plugin.

Code generation with protobuf-maven-plugin

<plugin>
  <groupId>io.github.ascopes</groupId>
  <artifactId>protobuf-maven-plugin</artifactId>
  <version>3.2.0</version>
  <configuration>
    <protocVersion>4.29.3</protocVersion>
    <sourceDirectories>src/main/proto</sourceDirectories>
    <javaEnabled>false</javaEnabled>
  </configuration>
  <executions>
    <execution>
      <id>compile-java</id>
      <configuration>
        <javaEnabled>true</javaEnabled>
        <outputDirectory>${project.basedir}/src/main/java</outputDirectory>
        <jvmMavenPlugins>
          <jvmMavenPlugin>
            <groupId>io.vertx</groupId>
            <artifactId>vertx-grpc-protoc-plugin2</artifactId>
            <version>${vertx.version}</version>
            <mainClass>io.vertx.grpc.plugin.VertxGrpcGenerator</mainClass>
            <jvmArgs>
              <jvmArg>--grpc-client=false</jvmArg>
              <jvmArg>--grpc-service</jvmArg>
              <jvmArg>--service-prefix=Vertx</jvmArg>
              <jvmArg>--vertx-codegen=false</jvmArg>
            </jvmArgs>
          </jvmMavenPlugin>
        </jvmMavenPlugins>
      </configuration>
      <goals>
        <goal>generate</goal>
      </goals>
    </execution>
    <execution>
      <id>compile-javascript</id>
      <configuration>
        <outputDirectory>${project.basedir}/src/main/web</outputDirectory>
        <binaryUrlPlugins>
          <binaryUrlPlugin>
            <url>${protoc.gen.js.url}</url>
            <options>import_style=commonjs</options>
          </binaryUrlPlugin>
        </binaryUrlPlugins>
      </configuration>
      <goals>
        <goal>generate</goal>
      </goals>
    </execution>
    <execution>
      <id>compile-javascript-web</id>
      <configuration>
        <outputDirectory>${project.basedir}/src/main/web</outputDirectory>
        <binaryUrlPlugins>
          <binaryUrlPlugin>
            <url>${protoc.gen.grpc.web.url}</url>
            <options>import_style=typescript,mode=grpcwebtext</options>
          </binaryUrlPlugin>
        </binaryUrlPlugins>
      </configuration>
      <goals>
        <goal>generate</goal>
      </goals>
    </execution>
  </executions>
</plugin>

We choose to use the CommonJS modules generation style instead of closures.

The server side

We need some dependencies for the project to compile:

Project dependencies

<dependencyManagement>
  <dependencies>
    <dependency>
      <groupId>io.vertx</groupId>
      <artifactId>vertx-stack-depchain</artifactId>
      <version>${vertx.version}</version>
      <type>pom</type>
      <scope>import</scope>
    </dependency>
  </dependencies>
</dependencyManagement>

<dependencies>
  <dependency>
    <groupId>io.vertx</groupId>
    <artifactId>vertx-web</artifactId>
  </dependency>
  <dependency>
    <groupId>io.vertx</groupId>
    <artifactId>vertx-grpc-server</artifactId>
  </dependency>

  <dependency>
    <groupId>com.google.protobuf</groupId>
    <artifactId>protobuf-java</artifactId>
    <version>${protobuf.version}</version>
  </dependency>
  <dependency>
    <groupId>io.grpc</groupId>
    <artifactId>grpc-api</artifactId>
    <version>${grpc.version}</version>
  </dependency>
  <dependency>
    <groupId>io.grpc</groupId>
    <artifactId>grpc-protobuf</artifactId>
    <version>${grpc.version}</version>
  </dependency>
  <dependency>
    <groupId>io.grpc</groupId>
    <artifactId>grpc-stub</artifactId>
    <version>${grpc.version}</version>
  </dependency>
</dependencies>

The server side code fits in a single ServerVerticle class.

First, the gRPC server stub implementation.

gRPC server stub implementation

VertxGreeterGrpcService service = new VertxGreeterGrpcService() {
  @Override
  public Future<HelloReply> sayHello(HelloRequest request) {
    return Future.succeededFuture(HelloReply.newBuilder().setMessage("Hello " + request.getName()).build());
  }
};

GrpcServer grpcServer = GrpcServer.server(vertx);
grpcServer.addService(service);

There is nothing specific to gRPC Web here.

Note	`GrpcServer` enables the gRPC Web protocol support by default.

Then we have to configure a Vert.x Web Router to accept both gRPC Web and static file requests.

Router and server configuration

Router router = Router.router(vertx);
router.route()
  .consumes("application/grpc-web-text") // (1)
  .handler(rc -> grpcServer.handle(rc.request()));

router.get().handler(StaticHandler.create()); // (2)

return vertx.createHttpServer()
  .requestHandler(router)
  .listen(8080);

All requests with application/grpc-web-text content type will be handed over to the grpcServer.
All other GET requests will be handled by a Vert.x Web StaticHandler.

The client side

Before writing code, we must set up the project to build client side code. For simplicity, we choose to use the esbuild-maven-plugin. In a few words, it’s a Maven plugin that wraps esbuild, a fast bundler for the web.

A couple of dependencies are required, which we grab as Maven dependencies thanks to mvnpm:

Client code build with esbuild-maven-plugin

<plugin>
  <groupId>io.mvnpm</groupId>
  <artifactId>esbuild-maven-plugin</artifactId>
  <version>0.0.2</version>
  <executions>
    <execution>
      <id>esbuild</id>
      <goals>
        <goal>esbuild</goal>
      </goals>
    </execution>
  </executions>
  <configuration>
    <entryPoint>index.js</entryPoint>
    <outputDirectory>${project.build.outputDirectory}/webroot/js</outputDirectory> <!--(1)-->
  </configuration>
  <dependencies>
    <dependency>
      <groupId>org.mvnpm</groupId>
      <artifactId>grpc-web</artifactId>
      <version>1.5.0</version>
    </dependency>
    <dependency>
      <groupId>org.mvnpm</groupId>
      <artifactId>google-protobuf</artifactId>
      <version>3.21.4</version>
    </dependency>
  </dependencies>
</plugin>

webroot is the default base directory from where the Vert.x Web StaticHandler serves static files.

The user interface code fits in a single index.html file.

User interface

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <title>Echo Example</title>
  <script type="module">
    import {sayHello} from "/js/index.js"; // (1)

    window.sayHello = sayHello; // (2)
  </script>
</head>
<body>
<div>
  <p>Type a name in the input field and press enter, or click the send button.</p>
  <div class="input-group">
    <!--    Invoke javascript function on submit  -->
    <form onsubmit="return sayHello();">
      <input type="text" id="name">
      <input type="submit" value="Send">
    </form>
  </div>
  <p id="msg"></p>
</div>
</body>
</html>

Import the sayHello function from our Javascript module (see below).
Make the sayHello function global.

Last but not least, let’s implement the sayHello function:

Using the gRPC Web client

const {HelloRequest} = require("./service_pb"); // (1)
const {GreeterClient} = require("./service_grpc_web_pb"); // (2)

const greeterClient = new GreeterClient("http://" + window.location.hostname + ":8080", null, null); // (3)

export function sayHello() {

  const request = new HelloRequest();
  request.setName(document.getElementById("name").value);

  greeterClient.sayHello(request, {}, (err, response) => {
    const msgElem = document.getElementById("msg");
    if (err) {
      msgElem.innerText = `Unexpected error for sayHello: code = ${err.code}` + `, message = "${err.message}"`;
    } else {
      msgElem.innerText = response.getMessage();
    }
  });

  return false; // prevent form posting
}

Import the HelloRequest object from the Javascript generated file.
Import the GreeterClient object from gRPC Web (Javascript) generated file.
Configure the client to send requests to the web server.

Running the application

You can run the application with Maven:

./mvnw compile exec:java

You should see:

Server started, browse to http://localhost:8080

You can now browse to http://localhost:8080 and follow the instructions.

Use the dev tools of your browser to inspect the gRPC Web traffic.

Summary

This document covered:

implementing a Vert.x web server that replies to both static file and gRPC Web requests,
creating a web page that uses the gRPC Web client.